A head tilt in rabbits is a concerning symptom that can be indicative of several serious health conditions. Whether it’s a sign of infection, neurological issues, or a more serious underlying condition like Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN), it’s crucial to identify the root cause and start treatment as soon as possible. At Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital, Dr. Kopp, a board-certified specialist in exotic companion mammals, provides expert care for rabbits with head tilts, ensuring comprehensive diagnostics and treatment plans for your pet’s specific needs.

What Is Head Tilt in Rabbits?

A head tilt, or “wry neck,” in rabbits is a condition where the rabbit’s head tilts to one side, often affecting its balance and coordination. This tilt can range from mild to severe, where the rabbit may struggle to maintain an upright posture and may even fall over or circle in one direction. It is often a sign of an issue within the inner ear, brain, or nervous system.

Head tilt can be caused by a variety of conditions, including:

• Infections: Bacterial infections, viral infections, or parasitic infestations, such as Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN), which is one of the most common causes.
• Ear Infections: Middle or inner ear infections (otitis) can cause a head tilt due to the inflammation and pressure affecting the balance structures of the ear. This is one of the most common causes of wry neck in rabbits.
• Neurological Issues: Problems with the brain, nervous system, or the cerebellum, which controls balance, can lead to head tilts.
• Trauma: Physical injuries, including head trauma or neck injuries, can also result in a head tilt.
• Toxins or Poisons: Certain toxins, including those found in plants or medications, can affect the nervous system and result in neurological symptoms, including head tilts.

Diagnosing the Cause of Head Tilt in Rabbits

Diagnosing the cause of a head tilt in rabbits requires a thorough veterinary examination. Dr. Kopp utilizes advanced diagnostic tools to identify the underlying condition causing the symptom. Here are the key steps in diagnosis:

1. Physical Examination: A careful examination of the rabbit’s posture, balance, and overall health. Dr. Kopp will assess the neurological function of your rabbit, including their reflexes, movement coordination, and response to stimuli.
2. Blood Tests (Serology): If Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN) is suspected, Dr. Kopp will use a blood test (serology) to diagnose this parasitic infection, which is often a leading cause of head tilt in rabbits.
3. X-rays and Imaging: In some cases, diagnostic imaging, including radiographs (X-rays) and CT scans, may be necessary to evaluate the inner ear, brain, and surrounding areas to rule out physical causes like ear infections or tumors. Dr. Kopp works with specialists at Nashville Veterinary Specialists (NVS) for advanced imaging needs.
4. Other Laboratory Tests:

In addition to blood tests for Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN), other laboratory tests can be used to assess your rabbit’s overall health and exclude other potential causes of head tilt. These include a Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Chemistry Panel. These tests provide valuable information about your rabbit’s internal systems and help identify any underlying conditions, such as infections, organ dysfunction, or electrolyte imbalances.

• Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC evaluates the number of red and white blood cells, hemoglobin levels, and platelet count, providing insight into your rabbit’s overall health and immune function. An elevated white blood cell count may indicate an infection or inflammation, while low red blood cell counts may point to anemia. CBC results can help Dr. Kopp assess whether an infection or blood disorder is contributing to the neurological symptoms, including head tilt.
• Chemistry Panel: A Chemistry Panel measures various enzymes and electrolytes to evaluate the function of vital organs like the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. It can also detect metabolic imbalances that may be affecting your rabbit’s neurological health. For instance, abnormalities in liver function or kidney disease could potentially exacerbate other conditions leading to head tilt. Additionally, electrolyte imbalances could impact nerve and muscle function, contributing to coordination and balance issues.

Treatment for Head Tilt in Rabbits

The treatment plan for head tilt in rabbits varies depending on the underlying cause. Some conditions, such as infections, can be treated with medication, while others may require surgical intervention or long-term management.

1. Medications for Infections: If an infection is the cause of the head tilt, antibiotics or antifungal medications may be prescribed. For example, if ECUN is diagnosed, Dr. Kopp will recommend appropriate treatments, including fenbendazole, an anti-parasitic drug that targets Encephalitozoon cuniculi.
2. Anti-inflammatory Drugs: If inflammation in the ear or brain is suspected, anti-inflammatory medications may reduce inflammation and pain, improving your rabbit’s condition.
3. Supportive Care: Rabbits with head tilt often require supportive care to maintain hydration, nutritional intake, and overall health. Dr. Kopp may recommend fluid therapy, syringe feeding, or even physical therapy to help your rabbit recover.
4. Ear Treatment: If an ear infection is causing the head tilt, topical or systemic antibiotics, along with pain relief, may be administered to address the underlying infection.
5. Surgical Intervention: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove abscesses, tumors, or other obstructions in the ear or brain that are causing the symptoms.
6. Environmental Adjustments: Rabbits with head tilt may struggle with mobility, so adjusting their environment to make it easier for them to move around and navigate is important. Soft bedding, ramps, and stable surfaces can make a big difference in your rabbit’s recovery.

Preventing Head Tilt in Rabbits

While not all causes of head tilt are preventable, there are a few steps you can take to minimize your rabbit’s risk:

• Regular Vet Checkups: Routine veterinary visits are essential to catch early signs of infections, diseases, or neurological issues before they lead to more serious symptoms.
• Healthy Diet and Environment: A balanced diet rich in fiber, along with a clean, safe environment, can help maintain your rabbit’s overall health and reduce the risk of infections.

Expert Care for Head Tilt in Rabbits

Dr. Kopp’s expertise in treating head tilt in rabbits ensures that your pet receives the best possible care. At Priest Lake Veterinary Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, we offer comprehensive diagnostic services, including advanced imaging at Nashville Veterinary Specialists. Whether your rabbit has a suspected ECUN infection or is dealing with an ear issue such as an ear infection, we are here to provide the treatment they need to recover.

If your rabbit is showing signs of head tilt, don’t wait for the condition to worsen. Schedule an appointment with Dr. Kopp today for expert care in diagnosing and treating this serious condition.